Impact Of Protection Of Designer Products - 3018 Words

GLOBALIZATION AND GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP- TRIMESTER A PRESENTED BY: PRAKRITI CHOPRA PCHOPR201@caledonian.ac.uk IMPACT OF PROTECTION OF DESIGNER PRODUCTS RECEIVED BY ONLINE RETAILERS IN UK AND INDIA Abstract (optional): a 300-400 words summary of the paper IMPACT OF PROTECTION OF SMALL-SCALE DESIGNER PRODUCTS/ CUSTOMIZED PRODUCTS RECEIVED BY ONLINE RETAILERS IN UK AND INDIA †¢ Introduction Online shopping has now become one of the most popular ways of shopping globally. It saves time of going to a store and purchasing a particular product. Further such online retailers even offer various deals on the same products that one does not find in-store, so it helps save money on the some product. This online†¦show more content†¦However, this research basically focuses on the impact of protection of small-scale designer products received by online retailers in UK and India. The significance of designs is extensively acknowledged and recognised in the present UK economy. India has also been a member of World Trade Organisation (WTO) since 1995; and all the signatory nations to WTO are bound to include some IP protection in their national laws. Further, since the Indian Constitution is borrowed from the UK constitution, there are similarities in the laws of both the countries. This indicates that any country doing business with India will find similarities between the local IP laws and enforcement procedures, and those in force in the UK. (IPO, 2013) In this research the author gives a brief overview of the design rights available to a design company in the UK and India, analysis of those rights and enforcement procedures. †¢ Background Intellectual property (IP) rights -In India One of the crucial factors in the Indian legal system is to register and enforce intellectual property rights. To enjoy the IP rights it is a must to register them. In India when an individual or company wants to patent a product they should individually register. Apart from the industrial designs the individual or company can apply under the terms of the Patent Cooperation Treaty, which is usually

Essay about Cultural Differences Witness - Peter Weir...

The film Witness, directed by Peter Weir portrays the concept of cultural differences between the Amish and the outside world through various film techniques. Weir demonstrates aspects of moving into the world using symbols, characterisation, setting and diegetic and non-diegetic sounds so to convey the significant cultural differences within the film. The contrast of the Amish and the outside world is expressed in the barn scene. The scene opens with the car, which is a symbol and motif of the outside world. The car is placed in the barn which further demonstrates the contrast of both cultures. It is clear that the car doesn’t belong with the barn, as in Amish culture technology isn’t used, especially cars. As John Book fixes the car†¦show more content†¦This is further implied through John singing the lyrics ‘that I love you and I know that if you love me too what a wonderful world this would be’ This indicates the possibility of how things would be if their cultures were more accepting. The contrasts of both cultures are expressed through the mid shot of both characters as they are caught by Ellie. The car lights shine on Rachel and John, which emphasise that they have been caught in the act and that their actions are ‘immoral’, as the Amish are not to use technology, let alone listen to English music this is further supported by the close up shot of Ellie’s surprised and disappointed expression. Towards the end of the film, there is a scene which highlights cultural differences. In this scene Rachel and John are saying goodbye as John goes back to the outside world. In this scene, it is demonstrated through the close up shots of both characters gradual smiles and combination of hopeful non-diegetic music, that they have realised and accepted that John doesn’t belong in Rachel’s Amish community and must go back to his world. The cultural differences are made prominent through setting and costuming. The juxtaposition of John’s suit, the land and the bird house emphasises the differences in culture as a suit is typically worn everyday in the modern world for work, however he wears the suit on the natural landscape which signifies his lack of connection to the Amish world. The acceptance of John’s departureShow MoreRelatedWitness: Amish World Essay868 Words   |  4 PagesThe thriller film ‘Witness’, directed by Peter Weir in 1985, tells about cultural conflicts between the Amish of Western Pennsylvania and Modern American corruption and violence. Philadelphia Police officer, John Book was obligated to hide from the three brutally and corrupt police officers as they were looking for a little Amish boy, Samuel Lapp. The boy witnessed the brutal killings and identified the killer as the three police officers. The ‘Witness’ strongly displayed many images of people andRead MoreSocial Norms around the World879 Words   |  3 Pagesare eating it with sounds in Japan. While in china, eating food with sounds means rudeness. This interesting example shows that there are huge differences among kinds of social norms. In the film Witness, director Peter Weir explores the distinct and huge cultural conflicts between the old Amish society of western Pennsylvania and the modern American world of crime and violence. The main character, Philadelphia police detective John Book, is forced into hiding by a group of corr upt fellow officersRead MoreWitness by Peter Weir Notes12043 Words   |  49 PagesNOTES ON MODULE B, WITNESS BY PETER WEIR, 1985 Introduction: * Engage in a detailed analysis of a text * Understanding of how the ideas, forms and language of a text interact within the text and may affect those responding to it. * Students will need an understanding of film techniques and of the police drama genre. Important aspects to know: * Visual techniquesenhance understanding of characters * Editing techniquescreate suspense, establish characters, create atmosphere, positionRead MoreThe Clash Between Amish Culture and Modern American Culture in the Film Witness2140 Words   |  9 PagesThe Clash Between Amish Culture and Modern American Culture in the Film Witness Witness is a mix of genres; it has romance, action, is part murder/detective story, and is a thriller. The aim of the director, Peter Weir, is to show the clash of cultures between the Amish and the Modern American culture. Peter Weir the director likes to place characters into an unusual situation like in this film he has a Pennsylvanian cop, John Book, having to hide and live in an Amish Read MoreEssay on Mateship in Australian Films5134 Words   |  21 Pagesmateship and the image of men as mates did not go unchallenged. Australian cinema as a significant part of the whole industry of image-makers in the country, the way it portrays mateship, the single most important mythic element in the cultural identity of Australia, is worth analysing. This paper first reviews the historical background of mateship in Australia and its contemporary development. The review here serves as a general discussion of mateship that provides the potentialRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesthis respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. 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They range in value from  £0.75 million to over  £60 million, and total over  £100

Advanced Taxation Income Tax Assessment Act

Question: Discuss about theAdvanced Taxationfor Income Tax Assessment Act. Answer: Introduction According to the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, TR2012/D1 income from the trust estate is distributable to the beneficiaries as per the clauses mention in the trust deed. As contained under section 53A, income generated from the trust estate is computed according to the terms and conditions of the trust deed. Such distributable income is taxable in the hands of beneficiaries at the rate specified under the provision of Australian Taxation System (Hoynes, Miller and Simon 2015). As per TD 2001/26 if a beneficiary of the trust estate has interest in the value of assets and the income for the allocation of the assets then the beneficiaries can renounce their interest in the trust. As per section 98(3) and 98(4), income from trust estate is liable for taxation in the books of trustee with respect to the share of income on part of its beneficiaries (O'Connor 2016). In the given case, Bruce the sole executor of Pams estate that was created under a testamentary trust managed business tax loss amounted to $20,000 during the year 31 August 2014. On the contrary, the testamentary trust incurred profit during the year ending 30 June 2015 amounted to $200,000 whereas the taxable income during the same period is $180,000. Considering the terms and conditions of the trust, Bruce allocated the trust income earned to the beneficiaries during the year 2015 on the basis of allocated percentage (Doidge and Dyck 2015). Bruce distributed the amount $40,000 to one of the beneficiaries Ronda whereas 50% of the balance i.e. 50% ($200,000- $40,000) = $80,000 to Rani as well as $80,000 to himself as 50% of the balance income. Further, Bruce distributed 20% of the income to the beneficiaries from the sale of premises since the balance income was meant for further investment. However, the income from the sale of premises was distributed to Gina as per the clause of c apital distribution on 18 July 2015, which was recorded on 29 August 2015 (Harrison 2015). According to the Australian Taxation System rules of section 102- 25 is applicable to the income arising from the capital asset of the discretionary trusts. As per the data provided for the BCL Ltd income from the capital assets are taxable in the books of the company as distributed to the beneficiaries (Chua and Bedford 2015). Given that, the selling value of the premises is $2,400,000 whereas the cost of the premises is 800,000, which was acquired on 23 October 1999. Therefore, income on sale of premises amounted to ($2,400,000- $800,000) = 1,600,000 that is taxable as per the taxation rules. As per the taxation ruling of ITAA97 tax on the income $1600,000 at the rate of 45% amounted to $720,000. Since, Bruce distributed the part of income to one of the beneficiaries at 20% and the rest of the amount is used for investment purpose therefore the taxability of $720,000 is subjected to the discounting method at 50%. However, the business loss amounted to $190,000 incurred during the y ear 2012-13 would be carried forward to till the year 2015. During the financial year 2015, loss of amount $190,000 can be set off with the income earned during the year amounted to $200,000 which will minimize the tax liability of the assessee (Neuman, Omer and Thompson 2015). Income distributed to Ronda $40,000 is entitled to tax liability during the year 2015 at the rate specified in the taxation system of Australia. As per the taxation rules, distribution of income from the trust estate is taxable in the hands of trust distributor at the rate of 45%. Hence, the income of $40,000 is taxable in the books of Bruce at the specified rate. Similarly, income distributed to Rani amounted to $80,000 is taxable in the books of Bruce during the year 2015. However, income with respect to capital distribution amounted to 20% of would be taxable during the financial year 2016 because the amount has been allocated to the beneficiaries after the end of financial year 2015 (Kousky and Shabman 2015). Considering the consequences of taxation of income from trust, Bruce is required to pay taxes on the income from trust as well as income from capital assets during the year 2015. However, the taxability of the income is subjected to the deduction of discounting method with respect to the capital income. On the other hand, current income from the trust will be taxable by deducting the amount of total loss of $170,000 incurred during the year 2013 since it was incurred from the business operation of the assessee (Doidge and Dyck 2015). Part A In the given situation, Lawrence Dixon and Sonya Dixon formed a family trust whose trustee was the accountant of the family Mac Bury. The trust was created as a discretionary while the beneficiaries of the trust were the creators children. It has been provided that the trust acquired a rental property and securities in two listed companies. During the year 2015, total receipt of the trust amounted to $26,000 whereas the expenses amounted to $26,000 along with the depreciation charges of $3,000 as per section 40- 25 ITAA97 (Tucker 2015). Further, amount of $8,000 as an interest expense was in terms of the securities of AMP Ltd for acquisition of shares. In case of discretionary trust, beneficiaries are not entitled to have fixed interest income in the funds of the trust. Under the category of discretionary trust beneficiaries are eligible to determine the income as capital or revenue as well as the percentage at which the income is to be received. For the purpose of establishment of the trust, there must be four important roles in the form of creator, trustee, appointor and beneficiaries. Trustee is considered to be the legal owner of who maintains all the transactions having the authority to sign the documents and other relevant applications for approval (Feuer 2016). On the other hand, beneficiaries of the trust are the individuals for whose advantages of the trust property is acquired. However, it is important that the beneficiaries should not acquire any substantial interest in the trust assets but they can have the right to access the share income from the securities of the trust. Discretionary trust is formed to utilize the be nefit of tax liability, asset protection, estate planning and holdings of land with respect to the investments, real estates and sources of fixed assets. As per the TR in ITAA97, assessees are eligible to claim exemption of 50% from the capital gain taxation provided the beneficiaries are individuals and not business organizations (Feisee and Randall 2015). Accordingly, in the present situation discretionary trust has been formed which earned total income of $26,000 while the expense were also $26,000. As per TD 2001/26, income from the assets and securities earned by trust is taxable even if such income is distributed to the beneficiaries. Therefore, income earned as dividend from the shares of AMP Ltd, CBA Ltd amounted to $12,000, and $8,000 respectively shall be taxable in the books of the trust created by Dixon. Further, deduction on the interest expenses is available to the trust amounted to $8,000 as well as the depreciation charges amounted to $3,000. However, beneficiaries are exempted from the tax liability on the since the beneficiaries are individuals and have no substantial interest in the assets of the trust (Tool, Williamson and Whittenburg 2015). On the contrary, expenses on rent for the property amounted to $18,000 are entitled for deduction from the income earned during the current taxation year. Part B The present case highlights the consequences of tax losses earned by the discretionary trust as well as from the business employing two part time workers. Owner of the business organizations are Ken and Barb acquiring equal holding of shares whereas the trustee of the trust is KB Pty Limited. However, the beneficiaries of the trust were the owners, their children along with other relatives. As per the terms and conditions of the trust, taxable distribution of income to the beneficiaries were at 28% to Ken, 56% to Barb and the balance to the other relative during the year 2010-11. As per the taxation ruling under ITAA 97, loss on business from the trust is measured according to the loss determined under the capital gains. As per ITAA 97, section 36-10 loss on business income is computed by deducting the loss incurred by the trust and the balance income is taxable at the specified rate (Crawford 2016). Therefore, the income of the trust during the year 2010-11 amounted to $170,000 woul d be taxable in the books of trustee KB Limited at 45%. However, the deduction of 50% cannot be claimed since, the trustee of the discretionary trust is a company and not individual. Further, the income of trust during the financial year 2011-12 amounted 120,000 would have the same implication as the income taxed during 2010-11. Since the trustee did not make election as per section 272-80(1) in schedule 2F of ITAA 1936, therefore the income of the trust distributed to beneficiaries would be taxable in the hands of the trustee. Moreover, the tax loss amounted to $26,000 during the year 2012-13 whereas the amount of loss $34,000 during the year 2013-14 would be carry forward to the next succeeding year for set off from the income $80,000. Elections from family trust as per section 272-80 of schedule 2F, ITAA 1936 impose the trustee to deduct the tax losses incurred in the previous years as well as deduction of certain expenses and debts. As per the taxation ruling ITAA 97, income from the trust distributable to the beneficiaries is taxable in the hands of trustee as per the distribution proportion. On the contrary, loss incurred from the business is eligible for deduction from the income in the subsequent years. Therefore, in the present case if the trustee made an election under section 272- 80(1) in schedule 2F, ITAA 1936 then the income is taxable in the hands of the trustee based on the distribution proportion (Ward 2016). During the year 2010-11 income $170,000 would be taxable in the hands of KB Ltd at the rate of (28%+ 56%) = 84% whereas 61% of total income $120,000 during the year 2011-12. However, the business loss incurred during the year 2012-13 and 2013-14 amounted to $26,000 and $34,000 respectively shall be allowed for deduction in the next year 2014-15 from the total income $80,000. Whereas the balance income i.e. $20,000 ($80,000- $26,000+ $34,000) shall be taxable in the hands of trustee in proportion to the 54% since Ken and Barb are equal shareholders of the trustee company. Reference List Chua, H.S. and Bedford, O., 2015. A qualitative exploration of fear of failure and entrepreneurial intent in Singapore.Journal of Career Development, p.0894845315599255. Crawford, B.J., 2016. Valuation, Values, Norms: Proposals for Estate and Gift Tax Reform.Boston College Law Review,57. Doidge, C. and Dyck, A., 2015. Taxes and corporate policies: Evidence from a quasi natural experiment.The Journal of Finance,70(1), pp.45-89. Feisee, R.A. and Randall, R.L., 2015. Counseling Clients on Their IRA Beneficiary Designation Options: The Impact of the Recent US Supreme Court Case, Clark v. Rameker.Journal of Financial Service Professionals,69(1), pp.57-62. Feuer, A., 2016. Life Insurance and Retirement Plan Benefits: Are Your Clients Achieving Their Intended Goals?.NYSBA J,28. Harrison, L., 2015. Property investment through discretionary trusts.Taxation in Australia,50(2), p.84. Hoynes, H., Miller, D. and Simon, D., 2015. Income, the earned income tax credit, and infant health.American Economic Journal: Economic Policy,7(1), pp.172-211. Kousky, C. and Shabman, L., 2015. Understanding Flood Risk Decisionmaking: Implications for Flood Risk Communication Program Design.Resources for the Future Discussion Paper, pp.15-01. Neuman, S.S., Omer, T.C. and Thompson, A.M., 2015. Determinants and Consequences of Tax Service Provider Choice in the Not?for?Profit Sector.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(2), pp.703-735. O'Connor, D., 2016. Trusts: Practical solutions for real-life problems.Taxation in Australia,50(7), p.392. Tool, H.R., Williamson, J.E. and Whittenburg, G.E., 2015. Impact of Recent Tax Legislation on Small Business.Journal of Small Business Strategy,8(2), pp.79-91. Tucker, J., 2015. Tax files: Interpreting the land tax act.Bulletin (Law Society of South Australia),37(2), p.28. Ward, M., 2016. IRA Transfers from Estate or Trust.Journal of Financial Service Professionals,70(2), pp.38-41.

Working Capital Essay Example

Working Capital Essay Tw elfth Edition INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Environments and Operations John D. Daniels University of Miami Lee H. Radebaugh Brigham Young University Daniel P. Sullivan University of Delaware Pearson Education International Contents Preface 29 About the Authors †¢ PART ONE 39 BACKGROUND FOR INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS 44 1 Globalization and International Business 45 49 44 CASE: The Global Playground Introduction 48 W h a t Is International Business7. The Forces Driving Globalization 50 Factors in Increased Globalization 51 Whats Wrong with Globalization? 56 Threats to National Sovereignty 56 Economic Growth and Environmental Stress 57 Growing Income Inequality 57 s | Point ^J3ffi^S^^3 Offshoring Good Strategy? 58 Why Companies Engage in InternationaLBusiness Expanding Sales 60 , Acquiring Resources 60 Minimizing Risk 60 60 Modes of Operations in International Business Merchandise Exports and Imports 62 Service Exports and Imports 62 Investments 63 Types of International Organizations 63 Why International Business Differs from Domestic Business 64 Physical and Social Factors 65 The Competitive Environment 67 Looking to the Future: 61 Three Ways of Looking at Globalization 68 C A S E : Carnival Cruise Lines: Exploiting a Sea of Global Opportunity 69 74 Summary Key Terms 75 Endnotes 75 An Atlas 78 Map Index 86 Contents †¢ 2 PART TWO COMPARATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL FRAMEWORKS 90 91 90 The Cultural Environments Facing Business 94 95 C A S E : The Java Lounge—Adjusting to Saudi Arabian Culture Introduction The People Factor Cultural Awareness 96 97 A Little Learning Goes a Long Way The Nation as a Point of Reference How Cultures Form and Change The Idea of a Nation: Delineating Cultures 98 99 98 Language as Both a Diffuser and Stabilizer of Culture 100 103 Does Geography Matter? We will write a custom essay sample on Working Capital specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Working Capital specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Working Capital specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Where Birds of a Feather Flock Together Religion as a Cultural Stabilizer 104 Behavioral Practices Affecting Business 106 Issues in Social Stratification 106 Work Motivation 109 Relationship Preferences I II Risk-Taking Behavior I 12 Information and Task Processing I 13 Communications I 15 Dealing with Cultural Differences Accommodation I 18 118 Cultural Distance: Usefulness and Limitations I 19 Culture Shock 119 Company and Management Orientations 121 [ P o j n t B f f l J H ^ f f l Does International Business Lead to Cultural Imperialism? Strategies for Instituting Change 125 127 Looking to the Future: What Will Happen to National Cultures? C A S E : Charles Martin in Uganda: What to Do When a Manager Goes Native 128 123 Summary Key Terms Endnotes 132 133 133 3 The Political and Legal Environments Facing Business 137 136 C A S E : China—Legal Growing Pains in a Land of Opportunity Introduction 141 The Political Environment 142 143 Individualism Versus Collectivism Political Ideology 144 Trends in Political Systems 150 Contents Looking to the Future: What Might Become of Democracy? Political Risk 154 153 156 J | Point | g ^ | ^ ^ ^ j 3 Should Political Risk Management Be an Active Strategy? The Legal Environment 157 Legal Systems 158 Types of Legal Systems 158 The Diffusion of Legal Systems 159 Trends in Legal Systems 160 Understanding Bases of Rule 161 Implications for Managers 162 Legal Issues in International Business Operational Concerns 164 Strategic Concerns 166 Intellectual Property Rights 168 164 C A S E : Crime That Pays (and Pretty Well, Too) Summary Key Terms Endnotes 177 178 178 172 4 The Economic Environments Facing Businesses 184 186 180 181 C A S E : Economic Conundrums and the Comeback of Emerging Economies Introduction International Economic Analysis Elements of the Economic Environment Gross National Income 187 Features of an Economy 196 Inflation 196 197 199 Unemployment Debt 198 Income Distribution Poverty 200 Labor Costs Productivity 201 202 202 187 The Balance of Payments | Point |[emailprotected] §3^^fl Is a Trade Deficit an Advantage? Integrating Economic Analysis 206 Types of Economic Systems 206 Economic Freedom and Market Transitions Making the Transition to a Market Economy Looking to the Future: C A S E : Meet the BRICs Summary 222 204 209 21 I Is There a Move to Push Back Economic Freedom? 216 218 Contents Key Terms Endnotes 223 223 5 Globalization and Society 230 231 232 226 227 C A S E : Ecomagination and the Global Greening of GE Introduction Evaluating the Impact of FDI Considering the Logic of FDI The Economic Impact of the M N E 234 Balance-of-Payments Effects 234 Growth and Employment Effects 236 The Foundations of Ethical Behavior 237 Why Do Companies Care About Ethical Behavior? 237 The Cultural Foundations of Ethical Behavior 238 The Legal Foundations of Ethical Behavior 240 Ethics and Corporate Bribery 241 Corruption and Bribery 241 | Point | j E B 5 E ^ f f l Are Top Managers Responsible When Corruption Is Afoot? 44 Ethics and the Environment What Is Sustainability? Looking to the Future: 246 246 246 248 249 Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol Ethical Dilemmas and Business Practices How to See the Trees in the Rain Forest Ethical Dilemmas and the Pharmaceutical Industry 249 Ethical Dimensions of Labor Conditions 251 Corporate Codes of Ethics: How Should a Company Behave? 254 C A S E : Anglo American PLC in South Africa: What Do You Do When Costs Reach Epidemic Proportions? 256 Summary Key Terms Endnotes †¢ 260 261 261 THEORIES AND INSTITUTIONS: TRADE AND INVESTMENT 264 PART THREE International Trade and Factor-Mobility Theory 268 264 265 C A S E : Costa Rica: Using Foreign Trade to Trade-Up Economically Introduction Laissez-Faire Versus Interventionist Approaches to Exports and Imports 269 Theories of Trade Patterns 269 Contents Interventionist Theories Mercantilism 270 Free Trade Theories 271 270 Theory of Absolute Advantage 272 Theory of Comparative Advantage 274 Theories of Specialization: Some Assumptions and Limitations 276 Trade Patterns Theories 278 279 284 How Much Does a Country Trade? 278 What Types of Products Does a Country Trade? With Whom Do Countries Trade? Does Geography Matter? The Statics and Dynamics of Trade Product Life Cycle (PLC) Theory The Porter Diamond 287 282 285 285 Variety Is the Spice of Life | Point |g^^^J35flfl Should Nations Use Strategic Trade Policies? 289 Factor-Mobility Theory 291 292 293 295 298 299 Why Production Factors Move Effects of Factor Movements Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 302 304 304 The Relationship Between Trade and Factor Mobility C A S E : LUKOIL: Trade Strategy atja Privatized Exporter J In What Direction Will Trade Winds Blow? 7 Governmental Influence on Trade 06 C A S E : Making the Emperors (and Everyone Elses) New Clothes: Textile and Clothing Trade 307 Introduction 310 Conflicting Results of Trade Policies 311 The Role of Stakeholders 31 I Economic Rationales for Governmental Intervention Fighting Unemployment 312 Protecting Infant Industries 313 Developing an Industrial Base 314 Economic Relationships with Other Countries 316 Noneconomic Rati onales for Government Intervention Maintaining Essential Industries 319 Preventing Shipments to Unfriendly Countries 319 ^  § j t ^ ^ 3 Should Governments Forgo Trade Sanctions? Maintaining or Extending Spheres of Influence Preserving National Identity 321 321 311 319 320 10 Contents Instruments of Trade Control Tariffs 322 321 Nontariff Barriers: Direct Price Influences 323 Nontariff Barriers: Quantity Controls 325 Dealing with Governmental Trade Influences Tactics for Dealing with Import Competition Looking to the Future: 328 329 330 Dynamics and Complexity C A S E : U. S. -Cuban Trade: When Does a Cold War Strategy Become a Cold War Relic? 330 Summary Key Terms Endnotes 333 334 334 8 Cross-National Cooperation and Agreements 337 340 340 339 336 C A S E : Toyotas European Drive Introduction The World Trade Organization (WTO) GATT: The Predecessor to the W T O What Does the W T O Do? 341 The Rise of Bilateral Agreements 342 Regional Economic Integration 343 The Effects of Integration 344 Major Regional Trading Groups 345 The European Union 346 351 356 The NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Regional Economic Integration in the Americas | Point U B I I H H B I Is CAFTA-DR a Good Idea? 359 Regional Economic Integration in Asia 360 Regional Economic Integration in Africa Looking to the Future: 362 Will the WTO Overcome Bilateral and Regional Integration Efforts? 63 Other Forms of International Cooperation 364 Commodity Agreements Consumers and Producers C A S E : Wal-Mart Goes South Summary 370 365 366 366 366 367 Commodities and the World Economy The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Key Terms Endnotes 371 371 Contents 11 †¢ 9 PART FOUR WORLD FINANCIAL ENVIRONMENT 374 374 Global Foreign-Exchange Markets CASE: Going Down to the Wire in the Mon ey-Transfer Market Introduction 377 W h a t Is Foreign Exchange? 377 375 Players on the Foreign-Exchange Market Does Geography Matter? 378 378 382 Some Aspects of the Foreign-Exchange Market Major Foreign-Exchange Markets The Spot Market 383 The Forward Market 387 Options 388 Futures 388 383 Foreign-Exchange Trades The Foreign-Exchange Trading Process Banks and Exchanges Looking to the Future: 390 388 392 Where Are Foreign-Exchange Markets Headed? 394 How Companies Use Foreign Exchange 393 Business Purposes (I): Cash Flow Aspects of Imports and Exports Business Purposes (II): Other Financial Flows C A S E : Banking on Argentina Summary Key Terms Endnotes 402 403 404 398 395 396 | Point | { | j f l j ^ ; g f i 3 Is It Ok to Speculate on Currency? 0 The Determination of Exchange Rates C A S E : El Salvador Adopts the U. S. Dollar Introduction 409 407 406 The International Monetary Fund 410 Origin and Objectives 410 The IMF Today 410 Evolution to Floating Exchange Rates 41 I Exchange-Rate Arrangements Fixed Versus Flexible Currencies 412 414 416 Exchange Arrangements with No Separate Legal Tender Currency Board Arrangements 416 Co nventional Fixed-Peg Arrangements 416 416 Pegged Exchanges Rates Within Horizontal Bands More Flexible Arrangements 417 12 Contents Exchange Rates: The Bottom Line The Euro 419 417 421 ^3fflB Should Africa Develop a Common Currency? Determining Exchange Rates 423 Nonintervention: Currency in a Floating-Rate World 423 Intervention: Currency in a Fixed-Rate or Managed-Floating-Rate World The Role of Central Banks 424 Black Markets 428 Foreign-Exchange Convertibility and Controls 428 Exchange Rates and Purchasing Power Parity 429 Exchange Rates and Interest Rates 432 Other Factors in Exchange-Rate Determination 432 Forecasting Exchange-Rate Movements Fundamental and Technical Forecasting Factors to Monitor 435 433 433 436 24 Business Implications of Exchange-Rate Changes Marketing Decisions 436 Production Decisions 436 Financial Decisions 436 Looking to the Future: In Which Direction Is Exchange-Rate Flexibility Headed? 437 438 C A S E : The Chinese Yuan: Be Careful of the Dragons Tail Summary Key Terms Endnotes 442 443 444 †¢ PART FIVE GLOBAL STRATEGY, STRUCTURE, A N D IMPLEMENTATION 446 11 The Strategy of International Business CASE: Value Creation in the Global Apparel Industry Introduction 451 Industry, Strategy, and Firm Performance 452 446 47 Industry Organization Paradigm Leading Strategy Perspectives The Idea of Industry Structure: The Five-Forces Model 454 Industry Change 455 Strategy and Value 456 CreatingValue 457 The Firm as Value Chain 457 What Is the Value Chain? 458 Using the Value Chain 459 Change and the Value Chain 468 453 Contents 13 Are Value Chains Real? 469 470 Global Integration Versus Local Responsiveness Pressures for Global Integration 470 Pressures for Local Responsiveness 472 When Pressures Interact 473 Types of Strategy 474 474 475 477 479 481 International Strategy Multidomestic Strategy Global Strategy 476 Transnational Strategy Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 484 485 485 Whats New in the World of Strategy Types? C A S E : The Globalization of eBay 12 Country Evaluation and Selection Introduction 493 494 494 494 488 489 C A S E : Carrefour: Finding Retail Space in All the Right Places How Does Scanning Work? Managing the Alternatives Scanning Versus Detailed Analysis Opportunities Risks 501 Does Geography Matter? 496 What Information Is Important in Scanning? 496 Dont Fool with Mother Nature 508 504 Collecting and Analyzing Data 507 Some Problems with Research Results and Data External Sources of Information Internally Generated Data | Point | g ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 3 510 509 Should Companies Forgo Investment in Violent Areas? 51 I Country Comparison Tools Grids 512 Matrices 513 Allocating Among Locations 512 515 516 Alternative Gradual Commitments 515 Geographic Diversification Versus Concentration Reinvestment Versus Harvesting 518 Noncomparative Decision Making Looking to the Future: CASE: FDI in South Africa 521 519 520 Will Prime Locations Change? 14 Contents Summary Key Terms Endnotes 524 525 525 13 Export and Import Strategies Introduction 532 Exporting and Importing 528 529 C A S E : Grieve—A Small-Business Export Strategy 533 Export Strategy 534 Advantages to Consider 534 Questions to Ask 535 Strategic Advantages of Exporting 535 Characteristics of Exporters 536 Stages of Export Development 537 Pitfalls of Exporting 538 Designing an Export Strategy 539 Import Strategy 543 543 Types of Importers 543 Strategic Advantages of Imports The Import Process Import Brokers Customs Agencies 44 544 545 546 Looking to the Future: The Technology of Trade Import Documentation 548 The Export Process Indirect Selling Direct Selling 548 548 551 553 | Point | g ^ ^  § f l 8 ^ ^ A Dirty Dilemma: Exporting Hazardous Waste Export Documentation 554 Sources of Regulatory Assistance 556 Foreign Freight Forwarders 558 Countertrade Summary Key Terms Endnotes 559 561 C A S E : A Little Electronic Magic atAlibaba. com 564 565 565 14 Direct Investment and Collaborative Strategies C A S E : The Fizz Biz: Coca-Cola Introduction 572 569 568 Why Exporting May Not Be Feasible When Its Cheaper to Produce Abroad 573 574 Contents When Transportation Costs Too Much 575 When Domestic Capacity Isnt Enough 575 When Products and Services Need Altering 575 When Trade Restrictions Hinder Imports 576 When Country of Origin Becomes an Issue 576 Noncollaborative Foreign Equity Arrangements Taking Control: Foreign Direct Investment How to Make FDI 578 577 576 15 Why Companies Collaborate 579 Alliance Types 579 General Motives for Collaborative Arrangements 580 International Motives for Collaborative Arrangements 582 Types of Collaborative Arrangements 583 583 584 Some Considerations in Collaborative Arrangements Licensing 586 Franchising 587 Management Contracts 588 Turnkey Operations 589 JointVentures 590 Equity Alliances 591 Problems w i t h Collaborative Arrangements Relative Importance 592 Divergent Objectives 593 Questions of Control 593 , Comparative Contributions and Appropriations Culture Clashes 595 592 | Point j j f l j m ^ j ^ f f l Should Countries Limit Foreign Control of Key Industries? 594 Managing Foreign Arrangements Finding Compatible Partners Negotiating the Arrangement Drawing Up the Contract Assessing Performance Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 603 604 605 95 596 597 598 Dynamics of Collaborative Arrangements 598 599 599 600 Why Innovation Breeds Collaboration C A S E : Getting Airline Alliances Off the Ground 15 The Organization of International Business C A S E : Organizing People. Values, and Environment at Johnson Johnson 609 608 Introduction 614 16 Contents Change: The Critical Factor Organization Structure 617 614 617 618 620 †¢a* Organizing Todays International Business Vertical Differentiation: Centralization Versus Decentralization Horizontal Differentiation: The Design of the Formal Structure Contemporary Structures 624 | Point IgEfl^^^Sffl Hierarchies or Hyperarchies? Coordination and Control Systems Coordination Systems 629 Control Systems 632 629 628 Organization Culture Challenges and Pitfalls Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 644 645 645 635 635 638 639 640 637 The Importance of Culture Organization Culture and Strategy The Role and Rise of Corporate Universities C A S E : Infosys: The Search for the Best and the Brightest †¢ PART SIX MANAGING INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS 648 649 648 16 Marketing Globally C A S E : Avon Calls on Foreign Markets Introduction 654 Marketing Strategies 655 657 Marketing Orientations 655 Segmenting and Targeting Markets Product Policies 659 659 Why Firms Alter Products []PoIrTtJ3BffiHEffl Should Home Governments Regulate Their Companies Marketing in Developing Countries? 660 Alteration Costs 663 The Product Line: Extent and Mix 664 Pricing Strategies 664 664 Potential Obstacles in International Pricing Promotion Strategies 669 The Push-Pull Mix 669 Some Problems in International Promotion 670 673 Branding Strategies 672 Worldwide Brand Versus Local Brands Contents 17 Distribution Strategies 674 675 Does Geography Matter? Is Necessity the Mother of Invention? Deciding Whether to Standardize 676 Choosing Distributors and Channels 676 The Challenge of Getting Distribution Hidden Costs in Distribution E-Commerce and the Internet 678 679 677 Managing the Marketing Mix Gap Analysis 680 Looking to the Future: 680 Marketing to the Haves, the Have-Nots (and the Have-Somes) 682 CASE: Tommy Hilfiger: Clothes Make the Man and Vice Versa Summary 686 Key Terms 687 Endnotes 687 683 17 Global Manufacturing and Supply Chain Management C A S E : Samsonites Global Supply Chain Introduction 694 695 What Is Supply Chain Management? 691 690 Global Manufacturing Strategies 696 696 Four Key Factors in Manufacturing Strategy Information Technology and Global Supply Chain Management Information Technology 701 Quality 703 Zero Defects Versus Acceptable Quality Level The Deming Approach to Quality Management Total Quality Management (TQM) 704 Six Sigma 705 Quality Standards 705 703 704 700 Supplier Networks Global Sourcing 707 708 709 710 710 Major Sourcing Configurations The Make or Buy Decision | Point | g f f l f l 3 ^ f f l Should Firms Outsource Innovation? Supplier Relations 712 The Purchasing Function 713 Inventory Management 15 715 Lean Manufacturing and Just-in-Time Systems Foreign Trade Zones 716 Transportation Networks 717 18 Contents Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 724 724 725 Uncertainty and the Global Supply Chain 718 717 C A S E : Ventus and Business Process Outsourcing 18 International Accounting Issues C A S E : Parmalat: Europes Enron Introduction 733 729 728 The Crossroads of Accounting an d Finance 733 Accounting for International Differences Accounting Objectives 737 Factors in International Accounting Practices Cultural Differences in Accounting 739 Classifying Accounting Systems 741 36 738 International Standards and Global Convergence 744 748 | Point | «piffiffJHBfffil Should U. S. Companies Be Allowed to Close the GAAP? Transactions in Foreign Currencies Recording Transactions 749 749 750 Translating Foreign-Currency Financial Statements Translation Methods 750 Management Accounting Issues 753 756 Performance Evaluation and Control 753 Transfer Pricing and Performance Evaluation The Balanced Scorecard 757 Corporate Governance 758 759 External Control Mechanisms:The Legal System Internal Control Mechanisms 759 Looking to the Future: Will IFRS Become the Global Accounting Standard? 760 761 C A S E : Ericsson: The Challenges of Listing on Global Capital Markets and the Move to Adopt International Financial Reporting Standards Summary 766 Key Terms Endnotes 767 767 19 The Multinational Finance Function Introduction 774 770 771 C A S E : GPS: In the Market for an Effective Hedging Strategy? The Finance Function 774 The Role of the CFO 775 Contents 19 Capital Structure 776 776 Leveraging Debt Financing 776 Factors Affecting the Choice of Capital Structure Debt Markets as Means of Expansion 778 Global Capital Markets 778 778 781 Eurocurrencies and the Eurocurrency Market International Bonds 780 Equity Securities and the Euroequity Market The Size of Global Stock Markets 782 Offshore Financing and Offshore Financial Centers Whats an OFC? 784 Counterpoint 784 Should Offshore Financial Centers and Aggressive Tax Practices Be Eliminated? 786 Capital Budgeting in a Global Context 787 Methods of Capital Budgeting 788 Complications in Capital Budgeting 788 Internal Sources of Funds 789 Global Cash Management 790 Foreign-Exchange Risk Management 792 Types of Exposure 92 Exposure-Management Stratgey, 794 Taxation of Foreign-Source Income International Tax Practices 798 800 803 804 805 Taxing Branches and Subsidiaries Transfer Prices 803 Double Taxation and Tax Credit Looking to the Future: Summary Key Terms Endnotes 809 810 810 797 Technology and Cash Flows C A S E : Dell Mercosur: Getting Real in Brazil 20 Human Resource Management CASE: Go Or No Go: Your Career? 813 Introduction 8 17 What Is HRM? 817 The Strategic Function of International HRM Strategizing HRM 819 812 818 Developing Staffing Policies Managing Expatriates 826 Selecting Expatriates Expatriate Failure Training Expatriates 827 828 829 821 20 Contents Learning a Foreign Language—Still Useful? Compensating Expatriates Repatriating Expatriates International Labor Relations How Labor Looks at the MNE 832 836 839 ~840 842 83 I How Labor Responds to the MNE Looking to the Future: The Labor Struggle: Barriers to International Unanimity 843 Which Countries Will Have the Jobs of the Future? 845 Trends in MNE-Labor Relations 845 847 C A S E : Tel-Comm-Tek (TCT) Summary Key Terms Endnotes Glossary Photo Credits Name Index Subject Index 851 853 853 857 873 875 879 887 Company Index and Trademarks

Online Activity Example

Online Activity Example Online Activity – Coursework Example Macro and Micro Economics Microeconomic analysis rests of the concepts of supply and demand for goods and ad services in the market,which later affect the household individuals and other small firms. People typically understand the two words as they get commonly used in everyday conversation but often not in the precise way economists understand the term. Some students often confuse a change as well as a shift in demand as well as a shift in the quantity demanded. Demand can get said as the quantity of goods and services that particular consumers of a given locality are willing and able to buy, at the prevailing price, within a given period. Supply refers to the amount of goods and services that suppliers find themselves able to export the market, at the current price, within a given time (Estrada, 2008). The demand relates to the buyers while supply purely involves the producers, bringing their produce to the market, manufacturers or general companies.In differentiating the two furt her, causes and changes in demand get caused by such factors as price, consumer fashion, and tastes. If the price of a good increases, its demand reduces unless it’s a good having abnormal demand curve such as goods of ostentation, inferior and Giffen goods, and vice versa (Estrada, 2008). For the case of supply, an increase in the price of a product may trigger an increase in its supply. When the price goes up, producers, among other suppliers will get willing to supply more since they will realize more revenue, hence profitability in their productions (Lapide, 2013).There is a clear distinction between change or movement in demand and shift in demand. Changes in demand get caused by non-price factors such as consumer tastes, preference and fashions, demographic patterns, culture among others. On the other hand, change or movement in demand is caused only by price (Lapide, 2013). ReferencesEstrada, M. A. R. (2008). Demand and supply surfaces.  Malaysian Journal of Economic Studies,  45(1), 71-77. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/201592759?accountid=45049 Lapide, L. (2013). Supplys demand-shaping roles.  The Journal of Business Forecasting,  32(3), 18-21. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1459714351?accountid=45049

Craig v. Boren - Intermediate Scrutiny Case

Craig v. Boren - Intermediate Scrutiny Case In Craig v. Boren, the U.S. Supreme Court established a new standard of judicial review, intermediate scrutiny, for laws with gender-based classifications. The 1976 decision involved an Oklahoma law that prohibited the sale of beer with 3.2% (non-intoxicating) alcohol content to males under age 21 while permitting the sale of such low-alcohol beer to females over the age of 18. Craig v. Boren ruled that the gender classification violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. Curtis Craig was the plaintiff, a resident of Oklahoma who was over the age of 18 but under 21 at the time the suit was filed. David Boren was the defendant, who was governor of Oklahoma at the time the case was filed. Craig sued Boren in a federal district court, alleging that the law violated the Equal Protection Clause. The district court had upheld the state statute, finding evidence that such gender-based discrimination was justified because of gender-based differences in arrests and traffic injuries caused by males and females ages 18 to 20. Thus, the court held that there was justification on the basis of safety for discrimination. Fast Facts: Craig v. Boren Case Argued: Oct. 5, 1976Decision Issued: Dec. 20, 1976Petitioner: Curtis Craig, a male who was over 18 but under 21, and Carolyn Whitener, an Oklahoma alcohol vendorRespondent: David Boren, Governor of OklahomaKey Questions: Did an Oklahoma statute violate the 14th Amendments Equal Protection Clause by establishing different drinking ages for men and women?Majority Decision: Brennan, Stewart, White, Marshall, Blackmun, Powell, StevensDissenting: Burger, RehnquistRuling: The Supreme Court ruled that the statute violated the 14th Amendment by making unconstitutional gender classifications. Intermediate Scrutiny: a  New Standard The case is significant to feminism because of the intermediate scrutiny standard. Prior to Craig v. Boren, there had been much debate about whether sex-based classifications or gender classifications, were subject to strict scrutiny or mere rational basis review. If gender became subject to strict scrutinies, like race-based classifications, then laws with gender classifications would have to be narrowly tailored to achieve a compelling government interest. But the Supreme Court was reluctant to add gender as another suspect class, along with race and national origin. Laws that did not involve a suspect classification were subject only to rational basis review, which asks whether the law is rationally related to a legitimate government interest.​ Three Tiers Are a Crowd? After several cases in which the Court seemed to apply a higher scrutiny than rational basis without really calling it heightened scrutiny, Craig v. Boren finally made clear that there was a third tier. Intermediate scrutiny falls between strict scrutiny and rational basis. Intermediate scrutiny is used for sex discrimination or gender classifications. Intermediate scrutiny asks whether the laws gender classification is substantially related to an important governmental objective.Justice William Brennan authored the opinion in Craig v. Boren, with Justices White, Marshall, Powell and Stevens concurring, and Blackmun joining in most of the opinion.  They found that the state had not shown a substantial connection between the statute and the benefits alleged and that statistics were insufficient to establish that connection.  Thus, the state had not shown that gender discrimination substantially served a government purpose (in this case, safety).  Blackmuns concurring opinion arg ued that the higher, strict scrutiny, a standard was met. Chief Justice Warren Burger and Justice William Rehnquist wrote dissenting opinions, criticizing the Courts creation of an acknowledgment of a third tier, and arguing that the law could stand on the rational basis argument. They remained opposed to establishing the new standard of intermediate scrutiny.  Rehnquists dissent argued that a liquor vendor who had joined the suit (and the majority opinion accepted such standing) had no constitutional standing as his own constitutional rights were not threatened.Edited and with additions by   Jone Johnson Lewis

Case Study- Soft Drinks Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

- Soft Drinks - Case Study Example The model is statistically significant and thus useful in determining future demand. Note that, significant F = 1.6455* 10-11 (approximately equal to zero). The implication is that the model is relevant with the estimators statistically different from zero (i.e. ÃŽ ²1 ≠  ÃŽ ²2≠  ÃŽ ²3≠ 0) 5. Now omit the price and temperature from the regression equation. Should a marketing plan for soft drinks be designed that relocates most canned drink machines into low-income neighborhoods? Why or why not? (20%) The negative sign in the income coefficient implies that a change in income influences quantity of soft drink cans consumed in the reverse direction. Therefore, the region with the lowest per-capita income will have the highest consumption. However, given that the R2 is 0.11 ( very low), the independent variable only explains 11% of the changes in the dependent variable leaving a very high percentage ( 89%) to be explained by other factors, hence not a good

Organizational Change High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organizational Change High School - Essay Example Kurt Lewin's theory of the change analysis is a widely accepted and analyzed model. Lewin was a social scientist and a change agent and his theories were better recognized due to their practicality of applying to change occurring in organizations. Before organizational change was taken seriously and processes put in place to manage it, change was accepted as something that just occurred and people just battled it out. It was not embraced with enthusiasm and considered as a part of the growth of an organization. Lewin Introduced a three-stage model of change: unfreeze, change, and refreeze. Lewin's Forcefield Analysis defines an organizational environment in need of change as a state of imbalance between driving forces (legislation, economic imperatives, and competitive pressures) and restraining forces (traditional practices, organizational culture, job insecurity). To achieve change, three steps are required: (1) the driving and restraining forces that hold the organization in a state of equilibrium must be unfrozen; (2) an imbalance must be introduced that enables change to take place, preferably achieved by reducing the restraints; and (3) the new elements must be refrozen. Unfreezing is the phase during which an organization is prepared for a change. This phase also will include disconfirmation of expectations, creation of guilt or anxiety and the provision of psychological safety that converts anxiety into motivation to change. Changing is the phase where a planned change actually takes place and moving into a new position is often through identifying a new model or mentor, scanning the environment for new relevant information. Refreezing is the phase at which change is stabilized and the organization is consolidated for the new mode of operation. This model still implies that change is sporadic. Mostly the situation is stable. Every now and then there arises a need for planned change. One does not wait until change is forced upon the organization. One needs to anticipate, strategically plan and implement and be ready to face the change when it does occur. One of the most important consequences is that change is a collective responsibility of the organization. Participation by all the parties involved, which includes, the employees, clients and management, are necessary to achieve successful organization change implementation. The three most commonly recommended strategies are self-explanatory: top down; bottom up; and a combination of these. Restraining forces Changes can be due to a variety of factors. Depending on the internal and external factors, change can be made in the area of tasks, people, culture, technology and structure. Increasing competition, Mergers and Acquisitions, changing legislations and advancing technology can precipitate change. Changing technology is often the harbinger of change. Typically, change of any kind

Single Parenting Essay Example for Free

Single Parenting Essay This essay is about why I disagree with Donald Pridemore’s statement that says â€Å"Being raised in a single parent home could be considered living in a abusive situation and because of that people should not jump into divorce and find alternatives.† Child abuse is the physical, sexual or emotional mistreatment or neglect of a child. Though it is true that children are more likely to get abused in single parent homes. I think that it was unfair and ignorant to make this statement because that is putting a class of people and putting the all in the in the wrong when many of them are right with their parenting. The first reason that I oppose against Mr.Pridemore’s statement is because some people do not choose to be single parents but are put in that situation. One way people can become a single parent is if your spouse or partner is deceased. Another way to become a single parent is if you have your child at a young age with someone who you did not plan to spend your life with. You may also be a single parent because the other person just walked out. Some of these situations you cannot avoid because you can’t make someone stay alive nor can you force someone to stay with you. The 2nd reason I disagree with the statement is because people get in two parent homes too. In his statement I think people forgot that all types of parents abuse their children not just single ones. Abuse happens every day in fact, 5 children die a day from child abuse but how many of those 5 kids were raised in single parent homes? No one really knows all they know is their own opinion. The last reason why I disagree with that statement is because alternatives are not always the best thing for the parent’s relationship. If you are a victim of domestic violence it is best to leave the relationship. In 2005 spouses or intimate partners killed 1,181 women, that’s an average of about 3 women a day. That just makes me think, how many of those women had kids and could have saved their lives by just raising that child on their own. People who agree with this statement are saying that it was their fault for being beaten, their fault someone died and that they made some one walk out on them. The reality is none of that was in their control. I don’t think anyone plans to be a single parent but at the end of the day even I would do what I have to do to raise my child. Our own president was raised by a single parent for a majority of his life, and that goes to show that his mother did something right she didn’t let the men in her life reprioritize her life she always put her kids first. I have made my argument and I hope I changed some opinions of people who agreed with Mr. Pridemore’s statement. More than anything I hope this essay made people take my ideas into consideration and take pride in having a single mother. I think that some people can relate and learn off of many parts of this essay such as statistics and facts.

Aristotles View of Slavery Essay -- Slave Slavery Aristotle Paper Ess

Born in the year of 384 B.C. Aristotle was seen as conventional for his time, for he regarded slavery as a natural course of nature and believed that certain people were born to be slaves due to the fact that their soul lacked the rational part that should rule in a human being; However in certain circumstances it is evident that Aristotle did not believe that all men who were slaves were meant to be slaves. In his book Politics, Aristotle begins with the Theory of The Household, and it is here that the majority of his views upon slavery are found. With the beginning of Chapter IV, Aristotle's idea of slavery is clearly defined. "The instruments of the household form its stock of property : they are animate and inanimate : the slave is an animate instrument, intended (like all the instruments of the household) for action, and not for productions." This distinction between action and production, is based upon the understanding that 'production' is a course in which a result is desired beyond the immediate act of doing. Where as, the simple act of completing a task is identified as 'action'. Aristotle, who believed that life was action and not production theorized that slaves were instruments of life and were therefore needed to form a complete household. In fact Aristotle went as far as to say that a slave was comparable to a tame animal, with their only divergence in the fact that a slave could apprehend reason. For he concluded that a slave and animals only use was to supply their owners with bodily help. At the end of the Theories of the Household, Aristotle explains how slaves are different from andy other types of people, in the sence that they are the only class who are born into their occupation and become property of their masters. In examining this relationship we find that he thought that while masters were the masters of the slaves, they still held a life other than that of being master; However, Aristotle believed that not only was the slave a slave to his master, but the slave had no other life or purpose than belonging. From this consideration we begin to understand Aristotle's views on the relationship between Master and Slave. At the beginning of Chapter V of the Theory of the Household, the distinct role of master and slave is defined. There is a principle of rule and subordin- ... ... Aristotle we find that he was a man of great curiosity, wisdom and ideas. Although his views on slavery seemed to hold true to the times, he had many variations on the conservative norms and beliefs. He had believed that slavery was a just system where both master and slave were beneficial from this relationship. And with this he thought that by nature, certain people were born to be slaves, yet with these beliefs we find many exceptions, where Aristotle allocates areas to describe those who by chance became slaves but in his opinion were born to be free. And in such incidence where men born free were not fit to be masters Aristotle explained how it would be easier for the master to obtain a steward who was more adept at giving instructions to run the household and leave the master of the house to more prudent issues. We can only guess as to what made Aristotle believe that by the human soul one could delineate whether or not a man was meant to be a slave or a freeman. And with his arguments we find that it was just as difficult for him to make that distinction as well. "Though it is not as easy to see the beauty of the soul as it is to see that of the body."

Books and novels Essay

Books and novels are constant sources of story or plot for so many movies. It is as if the books reinvented themselves with a new face. Though adaptation of books or novels is a prevailing reality, the question of fidelity to the original details of the story has always been the criterion for comparison. Ella Enchanted, a book by Gail Carson Levine was made into film directed by Tommy O’Haver. The most obvious similarity of the book and the movie is that it is about Ella, a girl who found love and the power of self-determination as she tries to reverse the ‘gift’ of obedience bestowed on her by the fairy, Lucinda. Though there were similarities between the book and movie, there are also glaring differences between the two. Here are the differences between the book and the movie: Time Period In the book, the story was set on the traditional and typical era of magic and awe; the same medieval setting that famous fairy tales used. The book’s time period had a striking semblance with the setting of Cinderella. While in the movie, pop culture dominated the story as if the seemingly dreamy and magical set up was modernized to give the film the teen spirit. Of course this aims to attract and please the moviegoers. Noticeably there are elements of contemporary time which obviously intend to relate with the target audience of the film. Among those elements are: the use of escalator, the shopping mall, the Frell Community College, the phenomenon of teens joining fans club (of prince Char), the 70’s, and 80’s soundtrack that includes the Queen’s â€Å"Somebody to Love† and . Though these are welcome additions in a teen’s perspective, the move sacrificed the book’s classic look. It was a move to enhance the visual attractiveness of the movie. These changes also contributed to the addition of singing and dancing which are very evident in the movie. New Characters In the movie, the audience saw the birth of new characters that were not present in the book. The new villains are Prince Edgar who intends to kill Prince Char for him to ascend to the kingship of Frell; and there is Heston, the talking snake, who partners with Prince Edgar in his evil plans. These two characters also contributed to the change of scenes and plot. In the book, the father of Prince Char is alive but in the movie he was killed by Prince Edgar who eventually plans to kill the heir to the throne, Prince Char. The changes also brought about the political tone of the movie. Ella was a crusader of the welfare of the fairy creatures which were maltreated by Prince Edgar’s way of governance. So the changes added twist to Ella’s character and added new elements to the story. References to other movies One can also see semblances of the movie to other well-loved films namely: â€Å"Shrek†, and â€Å"The Princess Bride†. It is an observation that the book also patterned its story and details from other stories; very obviously, from the story of â€Å"Cinderella†. If the movie has â€Å"Shrek† and â€Å"The Princess Bride†; the book has â€Å"Cinderella†. Comic Infusion Gail Carson Levine made a dreamy and fairy tale which for some, was considered a great version of the Cinderella story. For some, â€Å"Ella Enchanted† became a classic tale not only for children but also for book lovers who feasts on their imagination. But the movie departs from that perspective. Instead, the film version added a comic spirit that takes away that classic feel of the book. That is why; the romantic – magical feel is sacrificed for the entertaining value of the comic parts of the movie. Even with this effect, the funny parts of the movie added a very relax feeling for the viewers. Focus In the book, Ella’s focus was to lift the gift or curse given by Lucinda. The story progressed with this focus which climaxed with the Ella’s realization that she alone can be the master of her destiny and need not assistance or dependence from somebody else. But in the movie version, a lot of elements are added which makes one confused about the focus of the story. There are political standpoints which Ella feels very strong about. There is the romantic link with Prince Char. There were family situation that distracts Ella. Since the movie aims to entertain and not just present a classic story, the addition of such twist and turns clouded somehow the real and main focus of Levine’s work. Ending of the Story and Other Elements In the book, when Ella met Prince Char they became friends at once but in the movie, it did not happen that way. The parents of Prince Char were both alive in the book; but in the film they were dead. The book ended with the triumph of Ella against her ‘curse’ of obedience and she eventually lived happily ever after with Prince Char. In the movie, the ending was quite dramatic since it highlights the dilemma given before Ella: the choice between death to Prince Char and following the gift of obedience. The ending of the movie somehow affirms the another focus of the film which is the romantic love that has been shared by Ella and Prince Char. Conclusion Even if the visual representation of a book is easier on the imagination; even if it aids one’s creative confusion or curiosity; still the book leaves a lasting impression for it tickles one’s creative capacity and builds a story with such planned pace.Therefore, the book Ella Enchanted outdid its movie version in terms of its overall impression on the readers/ audience. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hollis, K. 2004. Book vs. Movie: Ella Enchanted. Box Office Prophets. Available from: www. boxofficeprophets. com. Accessed on April 7, 2009. Levine, G. C. n. d. Ella Enchanted. BellaOnline: The Voice of Women. Available from: http://www. bellaonline. com. Accessed on April 7, 2009. Burr, T. 2004. Ella’ is less than enchanting. Available from: www. boston. com. Accessed on April 7, 2009.

Ethical Issues- Schizophrenia

Many ethical issues can be presented when working in the medical field; a few major issues are presented in the case of Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a mental disorder in which people may hear voices in their heads that tell them to do immoral things, which are not there. A Schizophrenic person may also sit for hours without moving or talking, and are not completely sane. This disorder is a result of genetic and environmental factors. One of the issues that are involved with schizophrenia is telling schizophrenics, partial truths or lies.Studies have shown that when a schizophrenic is directly confronted, they usually do not return for treatment. As a result, some psychiatrists tell their patients â€Å"half-truths† or lies such as treating patients but telling them the medication is for anxiety or dysphasia, this way patients receive adequate treatment. Ultimately the psychiatrist is doing what is best for the patient, but is it really okay to lie to a patient? Another issu e is presented during the treatment of a schizophrenic patient, occasionally a patient will ask a psychiatrist for heir opinion on whether or not to pursue a lifelong dream they may have.When this occurs, the psychiatrist is presented with the decision of whether or not to support the patient on their dream. If the psychiatrist believes the patient is not capable of accomplishing their goal because of their mental disorder, they might discourage the patient form pursuing it because if they were to pursue it and fail, it could possibly worsen the disorder. On the other hand, the psychiatrist might support the patient in their dream, because in the situation where the patient accomplishes their goal, the notation may improve and could result in a better quality of life.So what should the psychiatrist do in this situation, when is it okay for the psychiatrist to decide what goes on in a patient's life? A third issue would be the whether or not to ask a patient dealing with this disorde r if they would like to write their advance directives. Advance directives are written consent of what would happen to the patient in the occasion that they lose decisional capabilities, what type of treatment they would receive, etc.Although advance directives maybe taken as a precaution and not because anything is occurring with the patient, upon being asked for these documents a patient may be caused fear which could result in worsening of the illness. So should the psychiatrist ask a patient for the advance directives knowing it may have a negative result on their health? The involvement of family in the life of a schizophrenic could be extremely beneficial, but convincing a schizophrenic to involve their family is yet another issue.The process of persuading a mental disorder patient at some point becomes coercion, which is never morally correct because it could be considered as taking advantage of a mentally challenged person. Although coercion is never technically correct, in the long run the involvement of the family will have enormous benefits on the patient, so the psychiatrist must make a decision on if they should or shouldn't coerce the patient to involve their family. I believe that all the ethical issues presented are difficult, but the psychiatrist should always keep the patients well.

Free Essays on Affimative Action

"AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, SOLUTION OR PROBLEM" Part of the civil rights movement over three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education and contracting decisions. Affirmative action is the nation's most ambitious attempt to fix its long history of racial and sexual discrimination. But these days it seems to incite, rather than ease. An increasingly assertive opposition movement argues that the battle to guarantee equal rights for all citizens has been fought and won, and that favoring members of one group over another simply goes against what we stand for. But defenders of affirmative action say that it is not level yet, and that granting modest advantages to minorities and women is more than fair, given hundreds of years of discrimination that benefited whites and men. Today, affirmative action can call for an admissions officer faced with two similarly qualified applicants to choose the minority over the white or the women, or for a manager to recruit and hire a qualified woman for a job instead of a man, they are not supposed to give any preference to unqualified candidates. And they are not supposed to harm anyone through "reverse discrimination."... Free Essays on Affimative Action Free Essays on Affimative Action â€Å"We didn’t land on Plymouth Rock, Plymouth Rock landed on us!† Malcolm X’s observation is brought out by the facts of American History. Snatched from their native land, transported thousands of miles – in a nightmare of disease and death – and sold into slavery, blacks were reduced to the legal status of farm animals. Even after emancipation, blacks were segregated from whites – in some states by law, and by social practice almost everywhere. American apartheid continued for another century. In 1954 the Supreme Court declared state-compelled segregation in schools unconstitutional, and it followed up that decision with others that struck down many forms of official segregation. Still, discrimination survived, and in most southern states blacks were either discouraged or prohibited from exercising their right to vote. Not until the 1960’s was compulsory segregation finally and effectively challenged. Between 1964 and 1968 Congress passed the most sweeping civil rights legislation since the end of the Civil War. It banned discrimination in employment, public accommodations (hotels, motels, restaurants, etc.), and housing; it also guaranteed voting rights for blacks in areas suspected of disenfranchising blacks. Today, several agencies in the federal government exercise sweeping powers to enforce these civil rights measures. But is that enough? Equality of condition between blacks and whites seems as elusive as ever. The black unemployment rate is double that of whites and the percentage of black families living in poverty is nearly four times that of whites. Only a small percentage of blacks ever make it into medical school or law schools. Advocates of affirmative action have focused upon these differences to support their argument that it is no longer enough just to stop discrimination. Liberal Democrats feel that the damage done by three centuries of racism now has to be remedied, they argue, and effective remediatio... Free Essays on Affimative Action "AFFIRMATIVE ACTION, SOLUTION OR PROBLEM" Part of the civil rights movement over three decades ago, affirmative action calls for minorities and women to be given special consideration in employment, education and contracting decisions. Affirmative action is the nation's most ambitious attempt to fix its long history of racial and sexual discrimination. But these days it seems to incite, rather than ease. An increasingly assertive opposition movement argues that the battle to guarantee equal rights for all citizens has been fought and won, and that favoring members of one group over another simply goes against what we stand for. But defenders of affirmative action say that it is not level yet, and that granting modest advantages to minorities and women is more than fair, given hundreds of years of discrimination that benefited whites and men. Today, affirmative action can call for an admissions officer faced with two similarly qualified applicants to choose the minority over the white or the women, or for a manager to recrui t and hire a qualified woman for a job instead of a man, they are not supposed to give any preference to unqualified candidates. And they are not supposed to harm anyone through "reverse discrimination."...

Apollo 4 - NASAs First All Up Test

Apollo 4 - NASA's First All Up Test On January 27, 1967, tragedy struck on the launch pad during a preflight test for Apollo 1 (also called AS-204), which was scheduled to be the first Apollo manned mission, and would have been launched on February 21, 1967. Astronauts Virgil Grissom, Edward White, and Roger Chaffee lost their lives when a fire swept through the Command Module (CM). The accident was the first major mishap in NASAs short history, and it shocked the nation.   Moving Beyond Tragedy NASA made an exhaustive investigation of the fire (as it does with all space mishaps), which resulted in extensive reworking of the CMs. The agency postponed manned launches until officials cleared the new capsule design for use by human crews. In addition, Saturn 1B schedules were suspended for nearly a year, and the launch vehicle that finally bore the designation AS-204 carried a Lunar Module (LM) as the payload, not the Apollo CM. The missions of AS-201 and AS-202 with Apollo spacecraft aboard had been unofficially known as Apollo 1 and Apollo 2 missions (AS-203 carried only the aerodynamic nose cone). In the spring of 1967, NASAs Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight, Dr. George E. Mueller, announced that the mission originally scheduled for Grissom, White and Chaffee would be known as Apollo 1, as a way to honor the three astronauts. The first Saturn V launch, scheduled for November 1967, would be known as Apollo 4. No missions or flights were ever designated as Apoll o 2 and Apollo 3.    The delays caused by the fire were bad enough, but NASA also faced budgetary cutbacks as it raced to reach the Moon before the end of the decade. Since the U.S. was in a race to get to the Moon before the Soviets could get there, NASA had no choice to but move ahead with the assets it had. The agency did further tests on the rockets, and eventually scheduled the Apollo 4 mission for an unmanned flight.  It was referred to as  all-up testing. Resuming Space Flight After the complete retooling of the capsule, the mission planners for Apollo 4 had four major goals: Demonstrate structural and thermal integrity and compatibility of launch vehicle and spacecraft; confirm launch loads and dynamic characteristics.Verify operation of command module heatshield (adequacy of Block II design for reentry at lunar return conditions), service propulsion system (SPS; including no ullage start), and selective subsystems.Evaluate performance of emergency detection system in open-loop configuration.Demonstrate mission support facilities and operations needed for launch, mission conduct, and CM recovery. After extensive testing, re-resting, and training,  Apollo 4 launched successfully on November 9, 1967 at 07:00:01 a.m. EST from Launch Complex 39-A at  Cape Canaveral FL. There were no delays in the preflight preparations and with the weather cooperating, there were no delays during countdown. During the third orbit and after SPS engine burn, the spacecraft coasted to a simulated translunar trajectory, reaching an altitude of 18,079 kilometers. The launch marked the initial flight testing of the S-IC and S-II stages. The first stage, S-IC, performed accurately with the center F-1 engine cutting off at 135.5 seconds and the outboard engines cutting off at LOX (liquid oxygen) depletion at 150.8 seconds when the vehicle was traveling at 9660 km/h at an altitude of 61.6 km. Stage separation occurred only 1.2 seconds off the predicted time. Cutoff of the S-II occurred at 519.8 seconds. It was a triumphant, if subdued return to space flight, and moved NASAs goals to reach the Moon farther forward. The spacecraft performance went well, and on the ground, people heaved a huge sigh of relief.   A Pacific Ocean landing occurred on November 9, 1967, 03:37 p.m. EST, just eight hours and thirty-seven minutes and fifty-nine seconds after takeoff. The Apollo 4 Spacecraft 017 splashed down, missing its planned impact point by only 16 kilometers. The Apollo 4 mission was a success, all  objectives were achieved. With the success of this first all up test, the Apollo program resumed manned missions and moving toward the eventual 1969 target for the first human landing on the Moon during the  Apollo 11 mission.  After the loss of the Apollo 1 crew, the Apollo 4 mission benefitted from many tough (and tragic) lessons learned. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Extra curricular activities at WCC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Extra curricular activities at WCC - Essay Example In addition, WCC requires students to take courses that address global issues and increase awareness of diversity. For students who already have a strong focus on their goals, Associates degrees are offered that specialize in Administration of Justice, Business Administration, Computer Information Systems, Massage Practitioner, Medical Assisting, Nursing, Paralegal, Physical Therapist Assistant, Early Childhood Education, Education Paraprofessional, and Graphic Design. Each of these degrees requires 90 course credits. For students who don’t want a degree, but instead want to take courses that focus on a narrow choice of occupation, WCC offers 45 credit Certificate courses in Accounting, Business Information Systems, Early Childhood Education, Education Paraprofessional, Medical Assistant, Medical Practice Manager, Network Administrator, Office Administrator, and Technical Support. As you can see, these courses are more for the individual who needs certification for a specific job, or who wants to learn more about a profession in which they may hold an entry level job and are seeking to move to a higher position within their field. This college offers much more than just the opportunity to obtain a degree or a certificate. Many community education programs are offered which target working professionals. These courses are offered during the evenings and on Saturdays and can include cooking, courses to assist small business owners, information to help gardeners, creative writing workshops and even outdoor activities such as fly-tying for local fly fishermen. High School juniors and seniors can take advantage of getting college credits through Washington State’s Running Start Program. This program allows high school students to take college courses during their regular school day in order to get a â€Å"jump-start† on college. Although they have to pay tuition and book costs themselves (or their parents

CHARITY PUBLIC RELATIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CHARITY PUBLIC RELATIONS - Essay Example Notably also, public relations is aimed at communicating to donors how resources have been spent and to attract further donations (Gregory, 2004). There is another outlook on public relations where persons tasked with this have to analyse trends, predict their consequences and counsel organizations on the best course of action along with how this will be implemented. This outlook provides credibility on the practice of public relations as it introduces a social science aspect where in the critics have dismissed public relations as being unsubstantial and flawed fundamentally (Butterick, 2011). Being difficult to define, public relations is a practice that is difficult to underpin its origins as well. One of the American pioneers of public relations, Ivy Lee, looked into policy management citing that good policy translates to good public relations. He went on to extend this definition by stating that public relations deals with everything entailed in expressing the policy or idea of an organization, incorporating the idea or policy expressed as well. For charitable organizations, their main concern is maintaining fruitful relationships between them and donors and this raises the issue of fund raising management. The policy or idea expressed by these organizations is philanthropic in nature that is not for the direct benefit of the organization rather for a societal issue such as public health. Philanthropy, in essence, is a relationship between donor and recipients where this relationship is mediated by cultivating an image of public good. Lee also looked into the ethics o f public relations at a time many were against the idea of press releases; he was of the opinion that organizations that sent out press releases to newspapers with the hope of influencing their content were not in the wrong so long as the sources of such releases could be identified. He felt that

Philosophy paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 3

Philosophy paper - Essay Example What is in question is whether it is the mind/soul that makes us do things or it is the physical body. It is also a question of whether the mind (consciousness, or agent intellect) and body (matter) are one or distinct since it is the physical body that performs the functions. Materialists believe that â€Å"everything in the world is made of physical matter and everything does what it does because of laws that govern physical matter or laws of physics† (Dardis, 2008, nap). As such, what makes things happen in the world according to materialists, are physical properties and as such, the mind is physical. Aristotle rejects this view as he believes the mind or agent intellect is â€Å"separate, inviolable and unmixed† with matter (Caston, 2006, p. 318). The mind thus has non-physical properties. He is also a strong emergentist as he believes in the hierarchical arrangement of souls with each level of hierarchy supervening upon substance of preceding level (supervenience) and in a downward causation. Jeffrey M Schwartz being an emergent dualist on the other hand believes that mental phenomena are in some respects non-physical. This essay will evaluate the views of Aristotle and Schwartz on the nature of mental causation in order to draw out their areas of similarities and differences. Aristotle is of the view that the soul is identical to the body and also inseparable from the body just like wax and seal and that the souls and minds are ways bodies are organized. In his book On the Soul written 350 B.C.E Aristotle defines a soul as the actuality of a natural body whereby the body is the subject matter (Book II, Part 1). This is due to the fact that it is the property exhibited by the body. Just as a statue is made from Bronze, Bronze being the material and the statue being the final form, so is a soul to the body. The soul (physical reality or brain) thus is the form of the body or the primary substance and the body is the matter of

Sainsbury plc

Sainsbury plc Introduction This report will examine the change management with focus on how change could be introduced, implemented and how resistance to change could be mà ©nage. Therefore we shallbriefly look at the change which had been taking place within sainsburysplc how it was mange and the success rate. It also evaluates the need for the change. How the stake holder analyst was done therefore the Sainsburys was used and the mckinsey company. Task one 1.1 The background of the Sainsburys plc Sainsbury plc is a registered parental company of Sainsburys Supermarkets Ltd, which is popularly known as Sainsburys, a chain of supermarkets in the United Kingdom with special focus on property and banking business. Sainsburys profits see 11% surge. MSN News. http://news.uk.msn.com/uk/article.aspx?cp-documentid=16788775 Retrieved 2009-06-13.. Its estate has been estimated to be about  £8.6 billion March 2007. Sainsburys was the market leader in the UK supermarket sector in much of the 20th century, but lost its place as the UKs largest grocer to Tesco in 1995 and in lost 1995 and was pushed into third by ASDA in 2003. The companys performance has improved by CEO Justin King in 2004 since the launch of a recovery programme. The company has been reporting its 12th consecutive quarter of sales growth. Despite predictions that Sainsburys would regain second position in January 2008, Taylor Nelson Sofres data released in January 2008 shows Sainsburys market share at 16.4%, behind Asda s share of 16.7%, but ahead of Morrisons at 11.22%. This report shall evaluate the series of change programmes in the company under the last five years with special consideration to the change types of change, change processes and how the management has been able to deal with issues of stakeholder analysis while implementing the change and how resistance to change was dealt 1.2 Business Transformation as a form of change which has occurred in Sainsbury within t. 2004-2009 Developmental Changes in the year 2004 Between 2000 and 2004, Peter Davis was chief executive of Sainsburys. The appointment of Davis was welcome by the Sainsburys investors and business experts it was believed that ht e appointment was only confirmed after the company has won the support of the Sainsbury family who kicked against the decision of making him the CEO in the early 1990s. ( Shah, Saied 2000. Sir Peter Davis brought back to take helm at Sainsburys (The Independent (Newspaper Publishing): p.19). Within the first two year Sainsbury was able to raise its profit above the target but later drop sharply in 2004 when compared with the performance of its major competitors.Davis was the architect of an almost  £3 billion upgrade of stores, distribution and IT equipment, called â€Å"Business Transformation Programme.† . Business expansion and innovation strategy were used to implement the change. However his successor later discovered that most of the investment was more or less wasted and considered failed in his key goal of improving availability. Fraction of the investments witness the construction of four fully automated depots, which was considered at  £100 million each cost four times more than standard depots Townsend, Abigail 2006. ( How the Newbury process turned Sainsburys round. The Independent on Sunday (Independent Newspapers). http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles . Retrieved 2007-02-08. . However. Lack of accurate estimation and appropriate consultation of the stakeholder was fingered to have contributed to the failure of the project and the change programme. Though, enough information were not make public on the implication of change on workers and other relevant stakeholders, but the sharp falling in the profit within the short period cold be used as yardstick to justify the reason while the project was considered good for dropping Developmental changes programme in year 2006 Christensen spoke on the four automated depots introduced by Davis, that there was no single day went by without one, of the system developing if not all of them The systems were flawed. They most of the time to stop for four hours daily for repair maintenance. But because they were constantly breaking down you would be playing catch up. It was a vicious circle. Christensen believe it was a great mistake to build four such depots at a goal, instead of building one which could be thoroughly tested before investing in another. Resuscitating of the Failed automated Project in 2007 The launch of the recovery programme by king, Sainsburys announced a further  £12 million investment In 2007 in its depots in order maintain speed with sales growth and the removal of the failed automated systems from its depots. Since the launch of Kings recovery programmed, the company has reported fifteen consecutive quarters of sales growth, most recently in November 2008. Early sales increases have been attributed to the new companys distribution system and the focus of the fresh and healthy food (Improved supply lifts Sainsburys. BBC News. 2005-03-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4378035.stm. Retrieved 2006-10-11.) A transformational change: In May 2007 Sainsburys identified five areas of focus to take the company from recovery to growth in order to transform its business strategy: therefore it identified the following focus as key factors to core activates in line with the concept of comparative advantage and the value chain (Michael p, 1985) the five core value include: * Great food at fair prices * Growth of non-food ranges * Reaching more customers through additional channels through opening of new convenience stores and growth of online home delivery and banking operations. * Expansion of supermarket space through new stores and development of the companys largely underdeveloped store portfolio. * Active property management 2009 update Transformational changes Sainsbury embraced the external boundary as change model through merger and acquisitions to achieve this change Sainsburys announced In March 2009 its intention to buy 24 stores from The Co-operative, 22 of which were Summerfield stores and the remaining 2 were Co-op stores. These were among of their estate which The Co-operative were required to sell after the completion of the Summerfield takeover. (Guardian (2009-11-04). 1.3 The issues which have made the company consider the change The loss of market position; peter Davis Within the first two year Sainsbury was able to raise its profit above the target but later drop sharply in 2004 when compared with the performance of its major competitors.Davis was the architect of an almost  £3 billion upgrade of stores, distribution and IT equipment, called â€Å"Business Transformation Programme.† This was among of the issues that necessitated the change 1.4 The process which the change took place 1.4.1 Identification of the need for change At the end of March 2004 Davis was elevated to the position of chairman and Justin King replaced him as the CEO. Justin King joined Sainsburys in 2004 from Marks and Spencer plc where he was a director with responsibility for its food division and Kings Super Markets, Inc. subsidiary in the United States. Schooled in Sol hull and a graduate of the University Of Bath, where he took a business administration degree, King was also previously a managing director at Ads with responsibility for hypermarkets. 1.4.2 Shareholders consultation: Gathering of useful data needed for the change from the relevant stakeholders as part of his 6 month business review asking them what they wanted from the company and where the company could improve, King ordered a direct mail campaign to 1 million Sainsburys customers This confirm the commentary of retail analysts repot that the group was not ensuring that shelves are fully stocked, because of the IT systems introduced by Peter Davis. (Sainsburys heads back to basics. BBC News. 2004-10-19. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/3755066.stm. Retrieved 2008-10-09.) 1.4.3 Implementation of change King announced the results of his business review and his plans to revive the companys fortunes in a three year recovery plan entitled Making Sainsburys Great Again on 19th October 2004 . This was generally well received by both the stock market and the media. He used CHANGING STRUCTURES MODEL in his implementation of the change. As part of the Immediate plans, included lying off 750 headquarters staff were laid off and around 3,000 shop-floor staff were recruited in order to improve the quality of service and the firms main problem of stock availability. The aim of the decision was to increase sales revenue by  £2.5bn by the financial year ending in March 2008. Another important announcement was the decision to halving the dividend to increase the retained profit in order boost the financial capacity to funds price cuts and quality. Lawrence Christensen was also hired as supply chain director in 2004 having worked as an expert in logistics at Safeway but decided to leave as a res ult of the Morrison takeover. This marked the beginning of developmental change in the year 2006 as the company begin to witness improvements in its supply chain and the two abandon distribution center were reactivated 2.0 Task 2 2.1 How the relevant stakeholder analysis was done during the change Before 2004, series of transformational changes have been taking place within the company. Though, it was recorded that most of the change produced a favorable result in the short run. But the shortfall of the change became so sharply and worst than the formal position of the company. Sainsbury plc did not only witness decline in profit but also lost market position to his arch rivers Tesco and Asda. Poor project assessment and lack of proper consultation with relevant stakeholders. 2.1.1 Customers Having learnt from the previous mistake committed by the predecessors who had caused the organization its place of pride in the market, King ordered a direct mail campaign to 1 million Sainsburys customers as part of his 6 month business review asking them what they wanted from the company and where the company could improve. This reaffirmed the commentary of retail analysts the group was not ensuring that shelves are fully stocked, this due to the failure of the IT systems introduced by Peter Davis. 2.1.2 Employee As one of the relevant stakeholder, employees are considered to be important to the success of any change introduce in an organization. The change affect people and people tend to react to changes. Negative reaction to change could mark the beginning of the failure of the new change while the positive reaction could fast track the success of such change programme. These confirmed by recent research conducted by mckinsey on the important of change to the organization and how important is people in the implementation of change and therefore suggested tactics that to successfully implement change. Employees were carried along in making the change by getting the employees involve at the beginning of change and in the process of implementation. Organizations need for change Constantly, for all kinds of reasons, but achieving a true step change in performance is rare. Indeed, in a recent McKinsey survey of executives from around the world, only a third says that their organizations succeeded in doing so. Executives were also asked how their organizations designed and managed a recent change effort, how they engaged employees in it, and how involved senior leaders were. (http://blog.theleadershipsphere.com.au/the_leadership_sphere/2008/09/index.html) The results of the survey highlight several important strategies or methods that organizations use to transform themselves successfully. Hence, the Setting of clear and high aspirations for change is the mostly important. A second tactic is general involvement of the whole organisation by engaging the whole company in the change effort through a wide different of ways; it was believed that a highly involved and visible CEO is crucial, but that successful companies are also using series of other communication and accountability tactics to keep people involved. Far more methods than unsuccessful companies use, also notable: successful companies are far likelier to communicate the need for change in a positive way, encouraging employees to build on success rather than focusing exclusively on fixing problems. (The McKinsey Quarterly conducted the survey in July 2008.). Therefore Sainsbury was able to draft in the interest of their workers in terms of human resource planning, training and developmental programme reward team management and flat organisation structure which enhance effective two ways communication system. (http://blog.theleadershipsphere.com.au/the_leadership_sphere/2008/09/index.html) 2.1.3 Shareholders One of the objectives to maximise is the maximisation of the shareholders wealth. Organisation tents to satisfy the interest of this group while pursuing profitability and handsome return on investment. Hence inability of the past administration had lead to change of leadership before the period to be considered in this project. Maximisation of shareholders wealth was put at the centre of interest in all the change programmes. 2.1.4 Competitor: Through stakeholder analysis, competitor as always been a force to reckon with. Sainsbury was able to analysis his competitors to whom she as lost his place of priority in the market which had made her to settle for third position in the grocery market in up. Hence that is why Sainsbury has putting a lot marketing strategies in order to ensure customers satisfaction and retention through excellence customer service. 2.2 Where the staff involved or considered in the change In the planning and the implementation process of change The target of the change programme was to improve customer patronage and to make more profit. Therefore workers were put at the centre of the change in order to make them have the thorough knowledge of the change which was about to take place. Hence Sainsbury also embark on training and development. Staff got involved in the Implementation process as staff serve as a medium through new changes are being communicated to customers. Task 3 3.1 The significant change that took place in Mckinsey and company Transformational change in Mckinsey and company with special attention on knowledge management over the Years Between I926 and 1950s Mckinsey company was established in 1926 as an Accounting and Engineering Advisors. the was using a system integrated approach which could be otherwise refers to as General Survey Outline basis of knowledge managements, the company was pursuing undeviating sequence of analysis goal strategy, policies, organization, facilities procedures and personnel, data which are to be synthesized and think for themselves while solving clients problems. as a result of business boom, more hands were employed and the organizations value chain were broadened, more policies were created with the clients as the main stake holder putting them at the center of the activities The company belief that every assignment must to bring more than revenue to the company, more of experience due to business expansion in the 20th century the company need more hand to meet the increasing demand these made the company to adopt generalist approach which leaves the problem solving task with hired experts. This was the beginning of the change in the organization Between 1950 and 1967 Introducing the expert base problem solving system by the Bower lead administration. He assumed that a highly intelligent generalist (expert) could easily diagnose client issues and through it professional capabilities solve the problem without waste of time and resources this was believed to be the appropriate way of dealing with the increase in demand which the company was enjoying at present so instead of allowing the traditional practice where the collective, brainstorming section of solving client problems that encourage the participative system, which was the cultural practices of the company before the business expansion, bower prefer to rely more on the solving client problems by the means of expertise. However, the knowledge issue of development within the organization was considered to be peripheral as the solving clients problem was believed to be core issues that is important if the customers demand is to be achieved and the business expansion goal is to be continues. The assumptions worked for short period as the company experience increase in sales and expansion of business spreading across the globe. This work well as the company witness a lot of expansion during the period in terms of market growth at the expense of internal growth (knowledge development), but looking at the cultural web of McKinley which is was known for participative system of clients prob lem solving system through which the knowledge were gathered developed and shared that enhance staffs improvement was not considered. living the problem solving in the hand of the expert in a company like mckinsey where knowledge remain the core activities when considering the value added to the end product(porter value chain 1985). The growth of the organization stopped within the short time. 3.2 The key challenges the organization has faced in implementing changes Integration of objectivity due to massive business expansion: The massive business expansion which has led to the diversifying into other business had posse series of challenge to the company, the organization was growing bigger and the system of administration was also going more complex. This made series of change programmes to be difficult to implement. http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm 3.3 Resistance to change from the employees and partners Resistance to change from the staff that begins to see change introduce as a treat and therefore change their perspective towards participation in the change programmes. Example of such resistance was their unwilling to contribute to data collection programmes which the company was trying to use for database in order to enhance knowledge management within the organization. However the company use consultation and staff involvement in the change planning processes to win the support of the workers to embrace the change programmes http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm 3.4 My suggestion for the organization to resolve the various challenges facing the organization in implementing change programmes Here are things the organization can do to handle resistance, starting with kind and moral approaches and ending with the harsher end of gaining compliance. Facilitation It has been argued that best approach in creating change is by working with them, helping them achieve goals that somehow also reach to the goals of the change project. People will be very happy to work with you when you work with them. This could be said to appropriate and good practice where people are willing to support programme but finding it difficult to adjust. http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm Education When people are not willing to support changes due to lack of clear understanding of the benefits and the rationale behind the change programme, manger might use education to enlighten people in order to understand the benefit of the change from positive perspectives. (http://www.changeminds.org) Involvement When people are not involved physically or intellectually, they are unlikely to be involved emotionally either, involving people in change planning is one of the best methods dealing with peoples resistance to change. Their involvement will make them support the success of the programme by persuading others to begin to see the change from the positive perspectives. (http://www.changeminds.org) Negotiation When persuasion seem to have failed to yield positive result, then manager might need to introduce a round table discussion by Sitting them down and ask what they want, find out what they want and what they will not. Negotiate mutually agreeable solutions that satisfy them and the fundamental objective of the change. http://www.changeminds.org) Manipulation Manipulation means controlling a persons environment such that they are shaped by what is around them. It can be a tempting solution, but is morally questionable and, if they sense what you are doing, will lead to a very dangerous backlash. It is only good for short term purposes and after when all the other options has failed http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm Coercion Here manager tend to apply force in making people to accept the change threat of loss of job if fail to comply perhaps in a humiliating public sacking. This could be used when the change is urgent and speed is considered to be of essences and the process of other alternative has been considered too slow and not likely to yield any good result http://www.changeminds.org/disciplines/change_management/resistance_change/dealing_resistance.htm 4.0 Conclusion The change has been seen as an agent of business growth and development. Hence change could be said to important to the organization survival especially in the highly competitive business environment, how it capable of improving the organization, leverage the organization cultural web. Therefore, managers need to evaluate change within the context of the organization cultural web with the consideration of the relevant stakeholder with an appropriate implementation strategy. This will facilitate dealing with resistance to change and peoples corporation in achieving the fundamental objective of the change. 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